In celebration of tBiodiversity Week (17 May – 26 May 2024), let’s take this opportunity for the maritime sector to enhance its commitment to protecting marine ecosystems. This week-long celebration is not just a symbolic gesture; it’s a call to action for adopting sustainable practices that safeguard marine biodiversity. With decarbonisation as a central theme in maritime, regulations and policies have been put in place to move companies globally to transition to zero-emission vessels that are powered by alternative fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, and biofuels. Other than that, electric and hybrid propulsion systems are also gaining popularity. These efforts are pivotal in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other pollutants that deeply impact marine biodiversity – we dive deeper below. 

Alternative Fuels and Marine Life Protection 

The shift to alternative fuels is crucial in mitigating the harmful effects of traditional fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are by-products of conventional fuel combustion, and they contribute significantly to ocean acidification and eutrophication. These phenomena disrupt aquatic ecosystems, affecting species such as corals, fish, and plankton. By adopting cleaner fuels, the maritime industry can reduce these pollutants, fostering healthier marine environments and preserving biodiversity. 

Reduced Underwater Noise Pollution 

Zero-emission vessels, particularly those utilising electric and hybrid technologies, offer the additional benefit of reduced underwater noise pollution. Noisy traditional diesel engines commonly disturb marine life – especially towards cetaceans (whales and dolphins) which rely on sound for navigation and communication. Quieter vessels help mitigate these disturbances, supporting the well-being of these sensitive species and contributing to a more harmonious marine ecosystem. 

Cleaner Ballast Water Management 

Another critical aspect of sustainable shipping that aligns with biodiversity protection is ballast water management. Ballast water, essential for the stability of vessels, often contains a mix of seawater and various marine organisms. When discharged in new locations as the vessels navigate through their routes, this water can introduce invasive species that threaten local ecosystems. Zero-emission vessels equipped with state-of-the-art ballast water treatment systems can significantly control the discharge of harmful organisms. These systems ensure that ballast water is treated to eliminate invasive species, thereby protecting native biodiversity and maintaining the ecological balance in different maritime regions. 

Minimising Oil Spills and Chemical Leaks 

The transition to zero-emission vessels also reduces the risk of oil spills and chemical leaks, which are catastrophic for marine biodiversity. Oil spills coat marine organisms, disrupt habitats, and cause long-term ecological damage. Chemical leaks can be equally devastating, leading to toxic environments that harm marine life. By using safer fuel alternatives and adopting stringent safety protocols, the maritime industry can prevent such disasters. Sustainable shipping practices that prioritize clean energy sources inherently lower the risk of these incidents, ensuring a safer and more resilient ocean environment. 

Ecosystem-Based Management Approaches 

Sustainable shipping goes beyond technological advancements; it requires a holistic approach that considers the cumulative impacts of maritime activities on marine ecosystems. Ecosystem-based management involves planning shipping routes that avoid ecologically sensitive areas, particularly during critical periods such as breeding seasons for marine species. 

Strategic Route Planning 

Strategic route planning can minimize the disturbance to vulnerable species and habitats. For instance, rerouting shipping lanes away from known whale migration paths can reduce the risk of ship strikes, which are a significant threat to whale populations. Similarly, avoiding coral reefs and other sensitive areas helps protect these critical ecosystems from physical damage and pollution.

A Look into the Future: Projections for 20% Adoption of Low-to-Zero Emission Vessels 

• Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  Projection: 30% reduction in the maritime sector’s greenhouse gas emissions.
  Currently, international shipping accounts for about 2-3% of global CO2 emissions. A significant portion of these emissions comes from the burning of heavy fuel oils. Transitioning 20% of the global fleet to alternative fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, and biofuels can considerably cut down CO2 emissions due to their lower carbon intensity. 
• Lower Underwater Noise Pollution
  Projection: 25% reduction in underwater noise pollution.
  Marine species, particularly cetaceans, rely on sound for vital behaviors. Reducing noise pollution from ships by switching to electric and hybrid propulsion systems helps mitigate disturbances to these species. 
• Decrease in Oil Spills and Chemical Leaks
  Projection: The use of safer alternative fuels could reduce the incidence of oil spills and chemical leaks by 35%. 
  Conventional fuel spills have devastating effects on marine ecosystems. By shifting to cleaner fuels and improving safety protocols, the risk and impact of such incidents can be minimized. 
• Enhanced Ballast Water Management
  Projection: 50% decrease in the introduction of invasive species.
  Invasive species are a significant threat to marine biodiversity. Improved ballast water treatment systems can effectively remove or neutralize organisms in ballast water, reducing the spread of invasive species.